As part of our #20CC anniversary, last year we joined forces with Fine Acts to spark a global dialogue on what better sharing looks like in action. Our #BetterSharing collection of illustrations was the result — we gathered insights from 12 prominent open advocates around the world and tasked 12 renowned artists who embrace openness with transforming these perspectives into captivating visual pieces available under a CC license.
Each month throughout 2023, we will be spotlighting a different CC-licensed illustration from the collection on our social media headers and the CC blog. For September, we’re excited to showcase “Open Is Beautiful” by Ukrainian illustrator, Tanya Korniichuk. The piece, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, was inspired by a quote from Cecília Oliveira, Executive Director of Fogo Cruzado:
“The powerful hide important data to prevent us from demanding change. This is true with armed violence in Brazil, but is also true where you live on issues that you care about. Find a way to use open data to make changes in your society.
To me, Better Sharing Brighter Future means… a city where people aren’t afraid of being shot. I created Fogo Cruzado because the authorities were not sharing important data, and they did it to prevent accountability. And, unfortunately, there were no institutions out there who were ready to fill in the gap. So I decided to do it myself. We had offers to make money off of selling our data, and we had others who were taking our data and using it poorly, but we knew that the ONLY way to make this situation better was to make our work open and free and easy to access for everyone. Our focus is armed violence, but really our mission is about fighting secrecy.”
Meet the artist:
Tanya is an illustrator from Kyiv, Ukraine, based in Vilnius, Lithuania. She gets her inspiration from simple things, people around her, her lovely dog. Through her expressive and bright style, she translates complex ideas into dynamic visuals, deftly encapsulating concepts. In her works she uses only standard shapes, so anyone can get inspired and recreate it.
The full #BetterSharing collection is available on TheGreats.co to be enjoyed, used and adapted, and then shared again, by anyone, forever. View the full collection >>
“Culture is something that should be shared among many people.” Hardi talks about the work he is doing with Wikipedia to make collections in Indonesia accessible to the wider world. He explains how the internet makes unique cultures more visible and promotes dialogue between cultures.
Open Culture VOICES is a series of short videos that highlight the benefits and barriers of open culture as well as inspiration and advice on the subject of opening up cultural heritage. Hardi is the Deputy General Secretary for Internal Affairs and Partnership Manager of Wikimedia Indonesia and has been working in open culture since he started with Wikipedia.
Hardi responds to the following questions:
What are the main benefits of open GLAM?
What are the barriers?
Could you share something someone else told you that opened up your eyes and mind about open GLAM?
Do you have a personal message to those hesitating to open up collections?
Closed captions are available for this video, you can turn them on by clicking the CC icon at the bottom of the video. A red line will appear under the icon when closed captions have been enabled. Closed captions may be affected by Internet connectivity — if you experience a lag, we recommend watching the videos directly on YouTube.
One of the motivations for founding Creative Commons (CC) was offering more choices for people who wish to share their works openly. Through engagement with a wide variety of stakeholders, we heard frustrations with the “all or nothing” choices they seemed to face with copyright. Instead they wanted to let the public share and reuse their works in some ways but not others. We also were motivated to create the CC licenses to support people — artists, technology developers, archivists, researchers, and more — who wished to re-use creative material with clear, easy-to-understand permissions.
What’s more, our engagement revealed that people were motivated to share not merely to serve their own individual interests, but rather because of a sense of societal interest. Many wanted to support and expand the body of knowledge and creativity that people could access and build upon — that is, the commons. Creativity depends on a thriving commons, and expanding choice was a means to that end.
Similar themes came through in our community consultations on generative artificial intelligence (AI*). Obviously, the details of AI and technology in society in 2023 are different from 2002. But the challenges of an all-or-nothing system where works are either open to all uses, including AI training, or entirely closed, are a through-line. So, too, is the desire to do so in a way that supports creativity, collaboration, and the commons.
One option that was continually raised was preference signaling: a way of making requests about some uses, not enforceable through the licenses, but an indication of the creators’ wishes. We agree that this is an important area of exploration. Preference signals raise a number of tricky questions, including how to ensure they are a part of a comprehensive approach to supporting a thriving commons — as opposed to merely a way to limit particular ways people build on existing works, and whether that approach is compatible with the intent of open licensing. At the same time, we do see potential for them to help facilitate better sharing.
What We Learned: Broad Stakeholder Interest in Preference Signals
In our recent posts about our community consultations on generative AI, we have highlighted the wide range of views in our community about generative AI.
Some people are using generative AI to create new works. Others believe it will interfere with their ability to create, share, and earn compensation, and they object to current ways AI is trained on their works without express permission.
While many artists and content creators want clearer ways to signal their preferences for use of their works to train generative AI, their preferences vary. Between the poles of “all” and “nothing,” there were gradations based on how generative AI was used specifically. For instance, they varied based on whether generative AI is used
to edit a new creative work (similar to the way one might use Photoshop or another editing program to alter an image),
to create content in the same category of the works it was trained on (i.e., using pictures to generate new pictures),
to mimic a particular person or replace their work generally, or
to mimic a particular person and replace their work to commercially pass themselves off as the artist (as opposed to doing a non-commercial homage, or a parody).
Views also varied based on who created and used the AI — whether researchers, nonprofits, or companies, for instance.
Many technology developers and users of AI systems also shared interest in defining better ways to respect creators’ wishes. Put simply, if they could get a clear signal of the creators’ intent with respect to AI training, then they would readily follow it. While they expressed concerns about over-broad requirements, the issue was not all-or-nothing.
Preference Signals: An Ambiguous Relationship to a Thriving Commons
While there was broad interest in better preference signals, there was no clear consensus on how to put them into practice. In fact, there is some tension and some ambiguity when it comes to how these signals could impact the commons.
For example, people brought up how generative AI may impact publishing on the Web. For some, concerns about AI training meant that they would no longer be sharing their works publicly on the Web. Similarly, some were specifically concerned about how this would impact openly licensed content and public interest initiatives; if people can use ChatGPT to get answers gleaned from Wikipedia without ever visiting Wikipedia, will Wikipedia’s commons of information continue to be sustainable?
From this vantage point, the introduction of preference signals could be seen as a way to sustain and support sharing of material that might otherwise not be shared, allowing new ways to reconcile these tensions.
On the other hand, if preference signals are broadly deployed just to limit this use, it could be a net loss for the commons. These signals may be used in a way that is overly limiting to expression — such as limiting the ability to create art that is inspired by a particular artist or genre, or the ability to get answers from AI systems that draw upon significant areas of human knowledge.
Additionally, CC licenses have resisted restrictions on use, in the same manner as open source software licenses. Such restrictions are often so broad that they cut off many valuable, pro-commons uses in addition to the undesirable uses; generally the possibility of the less desirable uses is a tradeoff for the opportunities opened up by the good ones. If CC is endorsing restrictions in this way we must be clear that our preference is a “commons first” approach.
This tension is not easily reconcilable. Instead, it suggests that preference signals are by themselves not sufficient to help sustain the commons, and should be explored as only a piece of a broader set of paths forward.
Existing Preference Signal Efforts
So far, this post has spoken about preference signals in the abstract, but it’s important to note that there are already many initiatives underway on this topic.
For instance, Spawning.ai has worked on tools to help artists find if their works are contained in the popular LAION-5B dataset, and decide whether or not they want to exclude them. They’ve also created an API that enables AI developers to interoperate with their lists; StabilityAI has already started accepting and incorporating these signals into the data they used to train their tools, respecting artists’ explicit opt-ins and opt-outs. Eligible datasets hosted on the popular site Hugging Face also now show a data report powered by Spawning’s API, informing model trainers what data has been opted out and how to remove it. For web publishers, they’ve also been working on a generator for “ai.txt” files that signals restrictions or permissions for the use of a site’s content for commercial AI training, similar to robots.txt.
There are many other efforts exploring similar ideas. For instance, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is working on a standard by which websites can express their preferences with respect to text and data mining. The EU’s copyright law expressly allows people to opt-out from text and data mining through machine-readable formats, and the idea is that the W3C’s standard would fulfill that purpose. Adobe has created a “Do Not Train” metadata tag for works generated with some of its tools, Google has announced work to build an approach similar to robots.txt, and OpenAI has provided a means for sites to exclude themselves from crawling for future versions of GPT.
Challenges and Questions in Implementing Preference Signals
These efforts are still in relatively early stages, and they raise a number of challenges and questions. To name just a few:
Ease-of-Use and Adoption: For preference signals to be effective, they must be easy for content creators and follow-on users to make use of. How can solutions be ease-to-use, scalable, and accommodate different types of works, uses, and users?
Authenticating Choices: How best to validate and trust that a signal has been put in place by the appropriate party? Relatedly, who should be able to set the preferences — the rightsholder for the work, the artist who originally created it, both?
Granular Choices for Artists: So far, most efforts have been focused on enabling people to opt-out of use for AI training. But as we note above, people have a wide variety of preferences, and preference signals should also be a way for people to signal that they are OK with their works being used, too. How might signals strike the right balance, enabling people to express granular preferences, but without becoming too cumbersome
Tailoring and Flexibility Based on Types of Works and Users: We’ve focused in this post on artists, but there are of course a wide variety of types of creators and works. How can preference signals accommodate scientific research, for instance? In the context of indexing websites, commercial search engines generally follow the robots.txt protocol, although institutions like archivists and cultural heritage organizations may still crawl to fulfill their public interest missions. How might we facilitate similar sorts of norms around AI?
As efforts to build preference signals continue, we will continue to explore these and other questions in hopes of informing useful paths forward. Moreover, we will also continue to explore other mechanisms necessary to help support sharing and the commons. CC is committed to more deeply engaging in this subject, including at our Summit in October, whose theme is “AI and the Commons.”
If you are in New York City on 13 September 2023, join our symposium on Generative AI & the Creativity Cycle, which focuses on the intersection of generative artificial intelligence, cultural heritage, and contemporary creativity. If you miss the live gathering, look for the recorded sessions.
Like the rest of the world, CC has been watching generative AI and trying to understand the many complex issues raised by these amazing new tools. We are especially focused on the intersection of copyright law and generative AI. How can CC’s strategy for better sharing support the development of this technology while also respecting the work of human creators? How can we ensure AI operates in a better internet for everyone? We are exploring these issues in a series of blog posts by the CC team and invited guests that look at concerns related to AI inputs (training data), AI outputs (works created by AI tools), and the ways that people use AI. Read our overview on generative AI or see all our posts on AI.
* Note: We use “artificial intelligence” and “AI” as shorthand terms for what we know is a complex field of technologies and practices, currently involving machine learning and large language models (LLMs). Using the abbreviation “AI” is handy, but not ideal, because we recognize that AI is not really “artificial” (in that AI is created and used by humans), nor “intelligent” (at least in the way we think of human intelligence).
“The key to enjoying the benefits of Open Culture is to use the tools available to us” says Rina Pantalony. In this episode we learn about the national and global networks that support open access in the GLAM sector and how education is crucial to leveraging the power of open licenses. Copyright is a tool open licensing with attribution can accelerate the spread of information and knowledge.
Open Culture VOICES is a series of short videos that highlight the benefits and barriers of open culture as well as inspiration and advice on the subject of opening up cultural heritage. Rina Pantalony is the Dirctor of Copyright Services at Columbia University and is also on the advisory board of OCEAN, the Open Copyright Education Advisory Netowrk which advocates for open licensing around the world.
Rina responds to the following questions:
What are the main benefits of open GLAM?
What are the barriers?
Could you share something someone else told you that opened up your eyes and mind about open GLAM?
Do you have a personal message to those hesitating to open up collections?
Closed captions are available for this video, you can turn them on by clicking the CC icon at the bottom of the video. A red line will appear under the icon when closed captions have been enabled. Closed captions may be affected by Internet connectivity — if you experience a lag, we recommend watching the videos directly on YouTube.
Creative Commons licenses enable much of the open content across the arts, sciences, and academia, including open educational resources (OER). Creative Commons (CC) offers CC Certificate courses, or training on CC licensing and open tools, which have become a key tool for open communities around the world. Currently, 1,459 people from 65 countries have been Creative Commons (CC) Certified, having taken and passed one of the CC Certificate courses. Given Governor Gavin Newsom’s historic investment in California Community Colleges’ (CCCs) Zero-Textbook-Cost (ZTC) degree programs, it is critical to ensure faculty, students, and staff have the capacity they need to create, use, and share the open resources supported by this funding. For this reason, The Michelson 20MM Foundation is elated to award a 2023 OER Spark Grant to Creative Commons.
“Creative Commons likes to say we put the open in open educational resources,” Jennryn Wetzler, Creative Commons Director of Learning and Training shared. “We have six different licenses and two public domain tools that enable creators to legally share their copyrighted content much more flexibly than traditional, ‘all rights reserved’ copyright. They’re applied to over 2.5 billion works online and enable sharing, enable adaptation, and remix — and so much innovation and learning.”
The Creative Commons Bootcamp is a proven model in California and beyond. CC has found that just one CC graduate on a campus can have a ripple effect — increasing open education awareness, acceptance, and use within their community. In January, Creative Commons, in partnership with the CCC Academic Senate’s OER Initiative, helped 12 individuals from the CCC system receive their CC Certification through a Michelson Spark Grant. Less than eight months later, the 12 graduates have hosted OER tutorials, planned OER conferences, developed LibreTexts training for faculty, and mapped ZTC conversions courses — further exemplifying the value of having a CC Certified individual on campus.
Building upon the success of the Bay Area Bootcamp, and acutely aware of the importance of an impactful ZTC funding implementation throughout the CCC system, CC is partnering with the CCC Academic Senate’s OER Initiative again to host a Bootcamp for 25 Southern California CCC faculty. Not only does the expanded training further the goal of bringing more CC Certified experts to the 116 CCCs, but also it provides key stakeholders within the CCC system the opportunity to be connected with OER and ZTC experts throughout the world, providing support as the newly CC Certified individuals work on creating, adopting, and maintaining ZTC programs on their campuses.
True to the nature of open access, CC Certificate courses are openly licensed, which enables graduates to not only reuse, but also remix the material within their institutions if other faculty and staff members are interested. This means that the investment in individuals from 25 community colleges has the potential to impact at least 22% of the CCC system.
As OER gains momentum throughout the state and nation, CC anticipates that the Bootcamp will fill up quickly. In order to ensure it has the intended impact, CC and the CCC Academic Senate will share registration information; they will focus on priority registration, but also establish a wait-list to maximize the number of CCC campuses involved. It will be exciting to see how the 25 campuses leverage the training and inspire other CCCs to embrace OER.
“OER lets students have access to the materials they need to succeed free of cost, largely due to open copyright and Creative Commons licenses,” Cailyn Nagle, OER Program Manager stated. “Creative Commons has been an invaluable resource to the state — and beyond — and we are thrilled to extend CC Bootcamp participation to an additional 25 California Community Colleges.”
Register now to earn a CC Certificate in 2023 or learn more about the CC Certificate Program.
Tanya is an illustrator from Kyiv, Ukraine, based in Vilnius, Lithuania. She gets her inspiration from simple things, people around her, her lovely dog. Through her expressive and bright style, she translates complex ideas into dynamic visuals, deftly encapsulating concepts. In her works she uses only standard shapes, so anyone can get inspired and recreate it.
