We’re kicking off a three-part series leading up to the launch of the Open Heritage Statement in October.

The Statement, developed by the TAROCH Coalition (Towards a Recommendation on Open Cultural Heritage), under the leadership of Creative Commons, is a collaborative, community-fueled initiative calling for equitable access to heritage in the public domain. It represents the shared values, principles, and challenges of more than 60 individual organizations and institutions across 25 countries and 13 global networks that represent multiple organizations, and sets out priorities for advancing openness at a global scale.

Over this series, we’ll explore:

1. The obstacles that stand in the way of equitable access to heritage in the digital environment;
2. The meaning of open in the heritage context and the benefits of equitable access, from sparking creativity to advancing human rights, and;
3. The Open Heritage Statement itself, and how it aims to shape an international framework under UNESCO’s auspices.

Join our global call for equitable access to public domain heritage in the digital environment. Mark your calendars for the Open Heritage Statement Launch on 14 October, 14:00 UTC. Register in advance for this meeting.

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In 2022, the United Kingdom’s Natural History Museum reported that scientists had applied computer vision to over 125,000 of the museum’s collection of digitized images of butterfly specimens dating back hundreds of years and found that insects are changing due to climate change—hotter years produce bigger insects. The Museum explained: “…open access digitized collections … allow scientists from all over the globe to be able to more easily use collections, can accelerate research in a more collaborative way than ever before.” 

For anyone promoting open access to heritage collections in the digital environment, the fact that digital images of butterflies made openly accessible thanks to CC0 could help us understand and address climate change—one of the greatest challenges of our times—was incredibly exciting.

This example is representative of the transformative potential of open access to heritage. It shows how making the heritage collections of cultural heritage institutions (CHIs) (such as museums, archives, and libraries) equitably and openly accessible and reusable online, by anyone for any purpose, can bring immense benefits to society. It is telling of how open access epitomizes the dual mission of CHIs of both preserving heritage in the public domain and enabling their users to harness it for the public good. 

Unfortunately, not all experiences are as positive as this butterfly story. Douglas McCarthy and Andrea Wallace humorously reported at the Icepops 2022 conference on the £179 fee a museum charged to download a reproduction of a public domain painting by 18th-century artist William Hogarth, turning open heritage into gated access. The same year, German puzzle manufacturer Ravensburger was sued in court by a museum in Italy for the unauthorized use of the images of Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man (a famous drawing dated c.1490) on a series of puzzles.

As these contrasting examples show, the possibility of accessing and reusing heritage is vital to a creative and innovative society. Open access to heritage enables human progress well beyond the confines of art and culture. Unfortunately, this is all too often compromised by a slew of unnecessary barriers—from incorrect copyright claims over digital reproductions, to technological locks, all the way to prohibitive access fees (and more). As a result, people still face obstacles that prevent them from meaningfully connecting with their heritage. Critical pieces of our shared memory remain out of reach for the communities they represent and for the people eager to build bridges across them. 

To help remove these barriers and contribute to equitable sharing of heritage worldwide, a small number of trailblazing institutions, like the UK’s Natural History Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Smithsonian Institution, the Rijksmuseum, and other pioneering institutions have adopted open access policies, practices, and tools that harness Creative Commons licenses and public domain tools to release digital heritage objects for broad access and fresh reuse, demonstrating the real-world benefits of open sharing.

But despite growing digital capacity, motivation, and best intentions, for the near totality of the world’s CHIs, providing open, equitable access remains a challenge—only about 1% of institutions share heritage as open access. Without an international framework providing clear guidance on how to implement open policies and practices, many institutions are left unsure of what is possible or even where to begin. This is the gap the TAROCH Coalition aims to close by harnessing collective effort for global change. 

The Problem: Unnecessary Fences around Public Domain Heritage 

Heritage in the public domain should be available for anyone to access and reuse for any purpose, without copyright permission. Yet in reality, the public domain is often fenced off from the public by a swath of barriers preventing both stewards and users from fully and equitably enjoying heritage in the public domain. These barriers are of a legal, technological, financial, and geographical nature, among others. Below we outline some of the most prevalent barriers we see when it comes to CHIs and enabling open access to public domain heritage. 

Wrongful Copyright Claims

CHIs sometimes restrict access to public domain heritage by erecting legal barriers around it. They do so by claiming an overlay of copyright over faithful digital reproductions of the heritage in their collections. This includes asserting copyright over digitized reproductions and applying (restrictive or open) copyright licenses to limit reuse. For example, as we reported in 2019, the Neues Museum in Berlin released a 3D scan of the 3,000-year-old Nefertiti bust from ancient Egypt under a CC BY-NC-SA license (wrongfully implying an underlying copyright in this digital reproduction). 

Pseudo-Copyright Exclusivity

In certain countries, CHIs lean on their country’s cultural heritage laws to prevent copyright-compliant use. This raises another type of legal barrier: by invoking cultural heritage protection laws, institutions may claim a “pseudo-copyright” requiring permission and imposing a fee, thus preventing further use of public domain heritage. By looking at real-world examples, we notice that these laws can achieve the opposite of what they were intended for: to protect and enhance cultural heritage and promote the development of culture. These laws should not restrict prosocial creative reuses. 

Contractual Restrictions

Sometimes, CHIs enforce terms and conditions (or terms of use) on their website that restrict reuse of digital heritage. These terms and conditions will often prohibit commercial uses even though this is allowed under copyright law. These terms function as contracts and can mislead users into thinking copyright restrictions apply where they do not. This erodes the integrity of the public domain.  

Technical Blocks

Further to the above contractual barriers, some institutions use digital rights management (DRM) and technological protection measures (TPMs) or make available their heritage files with watermarks, as low-resolution files only, or in inaccessible formats. This limits how public domain heritage can be accessed and reused and ends up harming scholarly research and cultural participation. For example, a study in Pakistan “revealed that contents preserved with Sindh Archives & Antiquities on local heritage were shared with Sindh Archives & Antiquities watermarks only. […] From an Open GLAM perspective, the watermarks on digital collections prevent citizens from using and reusing heritage collections and therefore, limit collection outreach.” As Professor Melissa Terras put it back in 2014, “all I want is a clear, 300dpi image. It’s no use saying «this is in the public domain!» if you only provide 72dpi”.

Low Accessibility for People with Disabilities

Unfortunately, public domain heritage is often not available in digital files that allow for the creation of accessible formats for people with disabilities, including print disabilities. This digital exclusion disproportionately affects blind and visually impaired people, as well as those with cognitive and motor impairments. People are thus disempowered from creating versions of heritage materials in accessible formats that meet the needs of everyone.  

Economic Barriers

Finally, making heritage in the public domain available to the public requires significant resources, and many CHIs are under pressure to monetize their collections to offset funding shortfalls. Several CHIs charge the equivalent of hundreds of dollars per image for access to digitized public domain works. These fees create barriers for educators, researchers, and smaller cultural creators, particularly outside the Global North. While financial sustainability is important, unreasonable paywalls undermine the public benefit of digital access. As the Creative Commons-funded report “Open Licensing Models in the Cultural Heritage Sector” recommends, institutions should develop economic models for revenue generation that go hand in hand with the open ethos. 

The Impact of Barriers on Equitable Access to Heritage

As the above overview of diverse barriers confirms, when CHIs fail to enable equitable access, many important elements of our shared heritage remain locked away, out of reach. And heritage that is inaccessible is at risk of being forgotten, its meaning and context lost, and its transmission to future generations jeopardized. This has repercussions on entire communities of artists and creators, educators, students, scholars, and researchers, as well as members of the public, who lose opportunities to understand, learn, and create with heritage. This also reflects poorly on CHIs: it undermines their public-interest mission of providing universal access to their collections in the digital environment and opens the door to the erosion of cultural diversity, the widening of the digital divide, the weakening of intercultural dialogue, and the loss of shared narratives that connect us to our past and inspire our future. 

The barriers that fence off our shared heritage are real, but they are not insurmountable. We believe there is a unique window of opportunity to unlock its full value and place it at the heart of what matters now. 

In our next post in this series, we’ll look at these benefits in action, from advancing human rights and education to sparking creativity and scientific discovery, and why they make the case for global alignment even stronger. We will uncover how openness is key to building a future where everyone can connect with, use, and build upon our shared memory.

What’s to Come

Join us. This October, the TAROCH Coalition (Towards a Recommendation on Open Cultural Heritage) will publish the Open Heritage Statement, a collaborative declaration that sets out shared values, challenges, and priorities for closing the global gap in equitable access to heritage. The Statement will enshrine the principles that underpin equitable access and identify concrete actions to lower barriers, enabling open heritage to nurture creativity and shape sustainable futures for all.

The Statement is designed to support UNESCO’s ongoing work on cultural rights, digital transformation, and knowledge sharing for sustainable development, reinforcing its founding commitment to the free flow of ideas.

Once released, the Statement will be open for institutions and organizations to sign and promote, laying the groundwork for a future international framework on open heritage.

This blog post is an adaptation of this pre-print manuscript.

The post Understanding Barriers to Accessing Heritage appeared first on Creative Commons.

As we’ve been talking about on the blog, we are intentionally seeking ways to reengage with the global community, which will likely entail making changes to the current CC Global Network (CCGN). We recently surveyed the CC global community to help inform next steps. 

We received nearly 100 responses from over 40 countries, and we’re so grateful for the insights and ideas you shared. Here’s a snapshot of what we learned from you—and how we plan to respond.

What We Learned About You

We heard from respondents throughout the globe, though most were based in North America and Europe. This is not surprising, as most of our team is based in the U.S. and Canada, and CC has historically focused on U.S. and European copyright policy.  We heard from respondents from outside of these areas that they would like to see CC diversify and deepen our engagement in other regions across the globe. 

When we asked about the languages you use in your community organizing, Spanish, French, and Italian were the top non-English languages listed. Several respondents also mentioned working across all six official UN languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.

In terms of how you connect with Creative Commons, 80% of you identified as supporters or followers. The next most common affiliation was as CC Certificate alumni—an encouraging sign of ongoing engagement from those who’ve taken the course. Notably, nearly 1 in 5 respondents are new to the CC community, underscoring the importance of creating clear and accessible entry points for newcomers to CC and the open movement.

What You Value About the CC Community

One of the most valued ways CC supports the community is by providing clear, accessible information on open licensing, copyright, and CC’s licenses and tools. These resources help guide creators, students, and institutions in making ethical and legally sound decisions around sharing.

Beyond tools and resources, many of you highlighted the importance of a supportive global community of practice. Several also expressed nostalgia for earlier phases of the CC network, when coordination around localized license porting provided a clear structure for deeper engagement among legal and policy experts. 

What Support You Need

When asked what CC should prioritize to support the open movement globally, your top request was for us to stay focused on our mission and maintain the core tools that power open sharing.

You also encouraged CC HQ to shift from leading community activities to enabling them. Rather than managing engagement from the top down, you asked us to provide the scaffolding—toolkits, engagement pathways, and meaningful opportunities to contribute both locally and globally. You want to see local chapters and communities revived, regional events supported, and leadership empowered at the grassroots.

What Role You Want CC to Play

You’ve called on us to play a stronger role in facilitating meaningful collaboration—locally, regionally, and globally. 

Some of you also asked that we convene more communities of interest, and that we improve our communication with you through regular newsletters, events, and updates.

Transparency in governance and opportunities for participatory decision-making also came through as key priorities.

Finally, many of you expressed the desire for CC to take a more active stance in relation to AI.

How You Want to Connect

What we heard most clearly is your desire to be more connected with each other—to share stories, collaborate, and learn across regions. You’re interested in more events, both in person and virtual.

When asked what kind of non-financial support would be most helpful, the top response was “opportunities for training or skill sharing.” There’s strong interest in regional coordination, localized resources, and peer-to-peer mentorship opportunities.

Listening More, Engaging Meaningfully

Much of what we heard echoes feedback we’ve received in the past: frustration with top-down decision-making, and a desire for more meaningful listening and engagement. We know we have room to grow, and we’re committed to doing the work to build stronger, more equitable relationships across our global community.

We also know that when community members feel recognized, supported, and heard, they’re more likely to contribute actively. We’re excited to continue building mutual trust and collaboration—especially as we approach our 25th anniversary as an opportunity to reconnect.

On Funding

It’s not surprising to see continued requests for more financial support. The financial landscape is challenging for many nonprofits, and we continue to actively fundraise to support CC’s initiatives. At this time, our goal is to approach funding decisions on a year-by-year basis. We intend to be transparent about where funding may be available in the coming years and not over-promise where we aren’t able to deliver.  

What’s Next

We’re thrilled to announce that we’ll be launching a new community chat platform to replace Slack very soon! Stay tuned for more details on how to join and engage—this chat space will be created for regional and thematic collaboration across our communities.

We’re continuing to work on plans for updating our membership and governance structures and creating new ways to engage with CC and other community members.

A new community newsletter is also on the way—sign up here to stay in the loop.

The post What We Heard: Insights from the CC Global Community appeared first on Creative Commons.

Here at CC, we have the goal of defending and sustaining the digital commons in the face of developments in artificial intelligence.

We’ve recently introduced a new framework, CC signals, to offer a new way for stewards of large collections of content to indicate their preferences for how machines (and the humans controlling them) should contribute back to the commons.

As we develop our approach, we’re taking inspiration from the work of our partners, community, and other stakeholders. We’re particularly interested in efforts to understand:

• How AI scrapers are reshaping the web 
• Copyright, labor, surveillance, and resistance
• The effects of a new economy of data licensing
• Emerging ideas for more ethical AI and consensual data governance 

We’re reading (a lot!) on these topics, to help ensure that CC signals become part of a diverse set of solutions for protecting the commons in the unfolding AI future. Here’s some of the writing that’s shaping our thinking:

• AI Scraping Bots Are Breaking Open Libraries, Archives, and Museums – Emanuel Maiberg, 404 Media https://www.404media.co/ai-scraping-bots-are-breaking-open-libraries-archives-and-museums/ 
• Cloudflare launches a marketplace that lets websites charge AI bots for scraping – Maxwell Zeff, TechCrunch https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/01/cloudflare-launches-a-marketplace-that-lets-websites-charge-ai-bots-for-scraping/ 
• Legal frictions for data openness: Reflections from a case-study on re-use of the open web for AI training – Ramya Chandrasekhar https://hal.science/hal-05009616v1 
• AI Training, the Licensing Mirage, and Effective Alternatives to Support Creative Workers – Derek Slater, Tech Policy Press https://www.techpolicy.press/ai-training-the-licensing-mirage-and-effective-alternatives-to-support-creative-workers/ 
• “Wait, not like that”: Free and open access in the age of generative AI – Molly White, Citation Needed https://www.citationneeded.news/free-and-open-access-in-the-age-of-generative-ai/ 
• Telling AI to go away (but politely) – Nick Jackson, dxw https://www.dxw.com/2025/04/telling-ai-to-go-away-but-politely/ 
• Can AI Be Consentful? Rethinking Permission in the Age of Synthetic Everything – Giada Pistilli, Hugging Face https://huggingface.co/blog/giadap/consentful-ai 
• AI Should Help Fund Creative Labor – Mariana Mazzucato, Project Syndicate https://www.project-syndicate.org/onpoint/how-ai-profits-can-help-fund-cultural-production-by-mariana-mazzucato-and-fausto-gernone-2025-07 
• Licensing, Levies, and the Limits of Copyright – Paul Keller, OpenFuture https://openfuture.eu/blog/licensing-levies-and-the-limits-of-copyright/ 

We’d love for you to read and learn alongside us, share your thoughts, and contribute other articles and resources to this list! Connect with us on LinkedIn, Bluesky, or Mastodon. 

The post AI and the Commons: A Reading List appeared first on Creative Commons.

In June we kicked off a public feedback period on our proposal for CC signals. CC signals is a preference signals framework designed to sustain the commons and ensure the continued sharing of knowledge in the age of AI. 

The goal is to give holders of large datasets a way to set criteria for how their data may be used within AI training models. To give an example, a dataset holder may wish to require that any AI training that uses their data gives credit back to the original source (e.g. attribution), or that the resulting AI model is open. Like the CC licenses, CC signals builds on the idea of ‘some rights reserved’ and that creators and knowledge holders deserve meaningful choices in how their work is used. You can learn more on our website. 

Since our kickoff event, we have been listening closely to feedback. We heard from hundreds of creators, librarians, technologists, legal experts, and open advocates. We asked for feedback and you delivered! Your voices – supportive, skeptical, frustrated, or curious – are essential in shaping how CC signals develops. We’d like to summarize what we heard and how this feedback is being incorporated and addressed.

What We Heard

Across the conversations, several themes emerged: 

Concerns that CC is prioritizing AI companies over creators. A recurring concern is that CC signals seem to give legitimacy to AI training without doing enough to protect creators. 

Confusion and disagreement about the CC licenses and AI training. We heard frustration that the CC licenses are not being interpreted or enforced in ways that some creators expected. 

Strong calls for opt-outs. Many wondered why the draft CC signals did not include an opt-out option. 

Asking politely for AI developers to give back in exchange for datasets is not enough. We heard doubts that CC signals would work in practice, given the widespread evidence of AI companies ignoring copyright, licenses, and even technical protocols like robots.txt. 

Broader critique of AI’s role in society. There is a spectrum of views on AI across the CC community. Many of you stand firmly at the anti-AI end. For these voices, no technical framework, like CC signals, feels adequate without stronger laws and regulations. 

We haven’t been clear on who this tool is meant to serve and the use cases it is meant to address. Naturally, the needs of an individual creator, like an artist, are quite different from those operating at an institutional or collective level. We heard loud and clear that CC signals, as currently conceived, does not meet the diverse needs of individual creators.

Requests for clarity. Many asked for more details about implementation and interoperability, including our long-term vision for CC signals as part of our broader mission. 

We understand how deeply personal these issues are for many of you, especially artists and creators who feel their work is being taken without consent and are looking for ways to fight back. That frustration is real, and we take it seriously. 

What We’re Doing Next

Improving clarity around CC’s position. We know many of you are worried that CC has “taken sides” or is being influenced by AI companies. We want to be clear: the driving motivation of CC signals is to defend and sustain the commons by developing practical tools for knowledge holders. Going forward, we will aim to clarify our guiding principles and positions in ways that translate to product decisions. 

Strengthening messaging and education. We are committed to expanding resources on how the CC licenses and CC signals could interact, examples of how signals could work in practice, and deeper dives into questions of copyright within the AI landscape. If you haven’t already, take a look at our legal primer on understanding the CC licenses and AI training. The better informed the CC community is about AI and the commons at large, the more effective we can be as a community to defend the commons. 

Clarifying the use cases for CC signals. This phase of CC signals is designed to serve large and open dataset holders, not the individual creator. Your feedback helped us recognize that this focus was not easy to square with our decision to leverage technical protocols used by anyone with a website. As a result, the target audience for CC signals was not clear. As we decide on next steps in product development, we plan to focus on specific use cases to put our goals and objectives into practice. 

Deepening global engagement and inviting stakeholders into product development. We plan to continue conversations with diverse audiences to inform the future of CC signals through an iterative process. The rest of this year will be focused on exploring and testing possible integrations of CC signals with pilot adopters. From this, we hope to extrapolate findings as we explore wider adoption of CC signals in the future. 

Maintaining transparency in development. Our GitHub repository will stay open and up to date. We are creating a roadmap that will be shared publicly and will provide consistent updates (either on the blog or via a virtual town hall) on our progress. This feedback loop is not over; it will be built into how CC signals will evolve. 

Looking Ahead

The future of the commons depends on tools that reflect shared values of openness, fairness, and agency. We know many of you remain skeptical. 

CC signals is not final. It is an experiment in building a new layer of choice in an age where the rules are rapidly shifting. We will keep listening, adjusting, and collaborating until we arrive at something that genuinely serves the commons.

Thank you to everyone who took the time to write, question, challenge, and support us. Please stay engaged. Together, we can ensure that Creative Commons continues to stand where it always has: with the community, for the commons.

The post We Asked, You Answered: How Your Feedback Shapes CC Signals appeared first on Creative Commons.

We are proud to announce that we are now established as an official NGO partner to UNESCO (consultative status). UNESCO stands for “United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization” and is the UN’s specialized agency that aims to foster international cooperation in the fields of education, science, culture, and communication. 

This new, formal status is an important recognition of the synergies between our two organizations and of our shared commitment to openness as a means to benefit everyone worldwide.  As an official NGO partner, Creative Commons (CC) will now have the opportunity to contribute to UNESCO’s program and to interact with other official partner NGOs with common goals. In particular, we look forward to: 

• Participating in UNESCO meetings and consultations on various subjects core to CC’s mission. This will give us a seat at the table to advocate for the communities we serve and share our expertise on openness, the commons, and access to knowledge.
• Participating in UNESCO’s governing bodies in an observer capacity. This will enable us to deliver official statements on matters within our sphere of expertise and contribute to determining UNESCO’s policies and main lines of work, including its programs and budget. 
• Taking part in consultations about UNESCO’s strategy and program and being involved in UNESCO’s programming cycle. This will give us opportunities to communicate our views and suggestions on proposals by the Director-General.  

Becoming an official partner is a testament to our rich and long-standing collaboration with UNESCO over the past 24 years. Over this time, CC and our community have developed trusted relationships with UNESCO staff and Member State representatives, yielding many opportunities to engage and collaborate effectively.

For example, CC was deeply involved with and supported the development of UNESCO’s 2019 Recommendation on Open Educational Resources (OER), and continues to play an important role in its implementation. CC participated in the 3rd UNESCO World OER Congress in November 2024 as well as in the UNESCO Dynamic OER Coalition meeting to make final recommendations on the Dubai Declaration on OER. 

Likewise, CC contributed to the development of the UNESCO 2021 Recommendation on Open Science and advised UNESCO in adopting its open access policy, where CC licenses are a core component. 

At the International Conference of the Memory of the World Programme: Memory of the World: at the Crossroads of International Understanding and Cooperation in October 2024, we engaged in conversations about the importance of preserving and supporting access to heritage, as well as the many challenges archives, libraries, and museums face in ensuring intercultural collaboration on a global scale. 

These achievements are a testament to the dedication of CC community members promoting openness globally and to the many open champions within UNESCO.

Today, as we steer the Towards a Recommendation on Open Cultural Heritage (TAROCH) Coalition, we draw inspiration from UNESCO’s Memory of the World Program and 2015 Recommendation concerning the preservation of, and access to, documentary heritage, including in digital form, to advance equitable access to public domain heritage. In 2020, we collaborated with the Memory of the World Regional Committee for Asia-Pacific (MOWCAP) and UNESCO Bangkok in a webinar series to promote universal access to documentary heritage. 

As we continue to advance TAROCH, we know that the role of open solutions in removing unfair economic, legal, technological, and sociocultural barriers to access heritage, while fostering creative reuse and telling the stories of our shared humanity, is more important than ever. 

Looking Ahead

We look forward to the exciting new opportunities for strategic collaboration on the horizon. 

With Mondiacult 2025, the world’s biggest cultural policy conference, taking place soon, we look forward to assisting UNESCO in delivering on its key priority of “ensuring equitable access to heritage,” as indicated in the Mondiacult 2025 concept note. CC’s efforts through TAROCH to remove barriers, support interoperability, and create and share heritage with open licenses and tools can strengthen equitable access to heritage. Once heritage is accessible, we collectively have the opportunity to build more connected, resilient, and sustainable societies. Make sure to join us at our Mondiacult virtual side event on September 17, 2025.

For more information:

• Contact us at info@creativecommons.org   
• Join the TAROCH Coalition 

The post Creative Commons Becomes an Official UNESCO NGO Partner appeared first on Creative Commons.